offensive language Essay -- essays research papers

Offensive Language Throughout the day, I find myself exposed to harsh language. Whether in at work or walking through the hallways at school, it is all around us. Later, as I accelerate through rush-hour traffic, I discover that I use these words as well, lashing out with blunt verbal terms in the safety of my enclosed vehicle. I have used bad language before, but I do use it often. I have friends that cuss every other word. However, I do not care for it much. It is not so much offensive, just bothersome. Whether your daily vocabulary consists of several cuss words or it is just the occasional â€Å"shit† in a fit of anger or pain, everyone is guilty of it. Who hasn’t accidentally let a word slip when they slam their finger in a door or stub their toe on the coffee table? Is this impressive, of course not. There used to be a day that when you said â€Å"shit† in public, it was like exploding a bomb in public; people would fall silent, staring at you with half-angry open mouths. Mot hers would clap their hands over their children’s ears and push them away from you; desperately trying to keep their kids form such language. But today, we’ve fallen. Sure there are still a few people that cringe at the sound of vulgar language, but not many. In the 1970’s, George Carlin delivered a monologue citing seven words that you could never say on network television. Now, these words are being used regularly on network television. You could say that swear words have lost their impact, or, you could argue that our language has become downright coarse, offensive, and rude. Where do Cuss words come from, and what do they really mean? Originally it began as cursing. These are the words and phrases that you say in order to curse someone. It was some sort of supernatural or magical belief. Nowadays, people know that telling someone to â€Å"Go to Hell† will not actually curse them there, no matter how angrily it is said. The evolution of profanity continues to change with each generation. Some cuss words have somehow maintained their original meanings throughout hundreds of years, while many others have completely changed meaning or simply fallen out of use. The meaning behind a word is what makes it acceptable or unacceptable. Veterinarians use the word â€Å"bitch† on a regular basis, and think nothing of it. The meaning of the word is female dog. It is a fine word to use in that profession, or... ... the disrespect we have for everything, and our lack of manners, but also a growing rage that we obviously don’t know what to do with. Bad language is all over the media, informing in the attitudes of young people. It creeps into our workplace and into our homes. We need to find a way to diffuse some of this rage, and find more constructive ways to express it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Words are very powerful and word usage is extremely important. Unfortunately, we are living in a society that seems to have forgotten the basics of language. Our growing tolerance of swear words is not a sign of progress, it is a sign of how we have lowered our standards. I am not saying that I am completely innocent. I do not cuss on a regular basis, but when I drop something heavy on my foot the expression â€Å"Darn It† just doesn’t seem to cut it. The fact that we even have words that are considered â€Å"profane† is silly. Words are words, and nothing more. They only exist to describe things. The words poop, crap, and shit all mean exactly the same thing. Why on earth is one of them incorrect to use and the others not? It may not make sense, but that is the way it is and it probably always will be.

Developmental Disabilities

Developmental disabilities may become apparent before the age of 22 and thus may cause physical or mental limitations. Developmental abilities involve mental retardation, epilepsy, autism, cerebral palsy and other neurological impairments. In the result people may have either limited mobility or limited ability to take care of their physical needs. Nowadays people suffering from developmental abilities, especially in older age, face social challenges, though have the opportunity to enjoy a full and active life.All they need is understanding, encouragement and readiness of family members to help them to become part of their community. Therefore the project will work out new initiatives and ideas how to expand and strengthen the support system of family. Furthermore, the project will provide better understanding of management and support of family members and will contain relevant materials to share with families. Moreover, the project aims at assisting in future planning, trusts, will s and guardianship.The study thus will provide unique knowledge about elder people suffering from developmental disabilities. The objectives of the study are to improve family- directed support and to provide technical assistance in defining personal needs, plans as well as implementation of programs and evaluation of the results. Furthermore, the specific goals of the research is to strengthen programs aimed at providing families with abilities and proper knowledge how to take care of elder members suffering from developmental disabilities.The present project will be assessed through the methods of description, case study and desktop research. A literature search revealed over 150 articles and books on the managing and supporting people with developmental disabilities. Over two-thirds of these were prescriptive and written by practitioners, consultants and journalists. There is also a steady flow of research and ideas on how to improve the quality of family support. References Hollins S, Sireling L. (1990). Working Through Loss with People Who Have Learning Disabilities. Windsor: NFER-Nelson. Kloeppel D, Hollins S. (1989). Mental Retardation and Death in the Family. Death Studies, 13, 31-38. Stroebe, M., Storebe, W., Hansson, R. (1993). Handbook of Bereavement. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Definition and Examples of a Persona in Literature

A persona is a voice or mask that an author, speaker, or performer puts on for a particular purpose. Plural: personae or personas. Persona comes from the Latin word meaning mask, and may also be referred to as an implied author or an artificial author. Author Katherine Anne Porter explained the relation between writing style and persona: A cultivated style would be like a mask. Everybody knows its a mask, and sooner or later you must show yourself — or at least, you show yourself as someone who could not afford to show himself, and so created something to hide behind (Writers at Work, 1963). Similarly, essayist E.B. White observed that writing is a form of imposture. Im not at all sure I am anything like the person I seem to a reader. Various Observations on Persona [L]ike the I of the lyric and of the real and invented autobiography, the I of the essayist is a mask.(Joseph P. Clancy, The Literary Genres in Theory and Practice. College English, April 1967)The artful I of an essay can be as chameleon as any narrator in fiction.(Edward Hoagland, What I Think, What I Am)He who speaks is not he who writes, and he who writes is not he who is.†(Roland Barthes, quoted by Arthur Krystal in Except When I Write. Oxford University Press, 2011)You may rely on it that you have the best of me in my books, and that I am not worth seeing personally — the stuttering, blundering, clod-hopper that I am.(Henry David Thoreau, letter to Calvin H. Greene, February 10, 1856)Writing is a form of imposture. Im not at all sure I am anything like the person I seem to a reader. . . .[T]he man on paper is always a more admirable character than his creator, who is a miserable creature of nose colds, minor compromises, and sudden flights into nobility. . . . I sup pose readers who feel friendly toward someone whose work they like seldom realize that they are drawn more toward a set of aspirations than toward a human being.(E.B. White, Letters of E.B. White, ed. by Dorothy Lobrano Guth. Harper, 1976)[T]he person in a personal essay is a written construct, a fabricated thing, a character of sorts--the sound of its voice a byproduct of carefully chosen words, its recollection of experience, its run of thought and feeling, much tidier than the mess of memories, thoughts, and feelings arising in ones consciousness. . . . Indeed, when personal essayists write about self-embodiment in the essay, they often acknowledge an element of fabrication or of artful impersonation.(Carl H. Klaus, The Made-Up Self: Impersonation in the Personal Essay. University of Iowa Press, 2010) Perlman on Person and Persona Persona is the Latin word for the masks used in the Greek drama. It meant that the actor was heard and his identity recognized by others through the sounds that issued from the open mask mouth. From it the word person emerged to express the idea of a human being who meant something, who represented something, and who seemed to have some defined connectedness with others by action or affects. (We still use person to connote this: we say of an infant who begins to show awareness of self in relation to others, Hes becoming a person.) A person makes himself known, felt, taken in by others, through his particular roles and their functions. Some of his personae — his masks — are readily detachable and put aside, but others become fused with his skin and bone.(Helen Harris Perlman, Persona: Social Role and Personality. University of Chicago Press, 1986) Hemingway's Public Persona According to those who knew him well, Hemingway was a sensitive, often shy man whose enthusiasm for life was balanced by his ability to listen intently . . . That was not the Hemingway of the news stories. The media wanted and encouraged a brawnier Hemingway, a two-fisted man whose life was fraught with dangers. The author, a newspaper man by training, was complicit in this creation of a public persona, a Hemingway that was not without factual basis, but also not the whole man. Critics, especially, but the public as well, Hemingway hinted in his 1933 letter to [Maxwell] Perkins, were eager automatically to label Hemingways characters as himself, which helped establish the Hemingway persona, a media-created Hemingway that would shadow — and overshadow — the man and writer.(Michael Reynolds, Hemingway in Our Times. The New York Times, July 11, 1999) Borges and the Other Self It is to my other self, to Borges, that things happen. I walk about Buenos Aires and I pause, almost mechanically, to contemplate the arch of an entry or the portal of a church; news of Borges comes to me in the mail, and I see his name on a short list of professors or in a biographical dictionary. I am fond of hourglasses, maps, 18th-century typography, the etymology of words, the tang of coffee, and the prose of Stevenson; the other one shares these enthusiasms, but in a rather vain, theatrical way. . . .I cannot tell which one of us is writing this page.(Jorge Luis Borges, Borges and I)

Comparsion Of Kincaids Girl And Walkers Everyday Use Essay

Everyone is raised within a culture with a set of customs and morals handed down by those generations before them. Most individual’s view and experience identity in different ways. During history, different ethnic groups have struggled with finding their place within society. In the mid-nineteen hundreds, African Americans faced a great deal of political and social discrimination based on the tone of their skin. After the Civil Rights Movement, many African Americans no longer wanted to be identified by their African American lifestyle, so they began to practice African culture by taking on African hairdos, African-influenced clothing, and adopting African names. By turning away from their roots, many African Americans embraced a†¦show more content†¦The examination of black womens need to keep their powerful heritage and identity is important to the protagonist in â€Å"Everyday Use.† Walker uses the mother’s voice to show the trials and tribula tions of a small African American family located in the South. She speaks on multiple levels, voicing the necessity and strength of being true to ones roots and past; that heritage is not just something to talk about, but to live and enjoy in order for someone to fully understand themselves. Unlike Kincaid, Walker gives her black female character’s an identity of their own, each in their own right, and observes the internal conflicts of each mother and daughters struggle with identity. The mother represents a simple content way of life where identity and heritage are valued for both its usefulness, as well as its personal significance. In order to illustrate how the mother viewed identity versus her daughters, Walker quickly acknowledges that the mother has inherited many customs and traditions from her ancestors. She describes herself as a large big-boned woman with rough man-working hands (485). She also describes here various abilities including, killing and cleaning a hog as mercilessly as a man. Being able to work hard and not care about being such a lady, is how the mother defines identity at this point. On the other hand, the two daughters each have opposing views on the value and worth of the different items

Cultures and Sub-Cultures of the Deaf and Deaf-Blind Essay

The Cultures and Subcultures of the Deaf and Deaf-Blind. California University of Pennsylvania CMD 350: Sign Language amp; Braille I September 27, 2011 The Cultures and Subcultures of the Deaf and Deaf-Blind. Deaf culture describes the social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values and shared institutions of communities that are affected by deafness and which use sign languages as the main means of communication (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_culture). Much is the same when describing the social cultures of the deaf-blind communities. They come from different social, vocational and educational backgrounds. They have many jobs and roles: teachers, professors, counselors, homemakers, agency directors,†¦show more content†¦Such devices include Teletypewriters (TTY), which can relay typed text to and/or from one impaired person to another, Voice Carry Over (VCO), which allows a person who is hard of hearing or deaf to use one’s voice to receive responses from a person who is hearing via the operator’s typed text. There are also more self-explanatory modes of technology such as video conferencing and captioned telephones available to assist in communicating. Aside from communication and language, there are also such things as beliefs and customs that have lent towards the deaf and deaf-blind cultures. A positive attitude toward being deaf is typical in Deaf cultural groups. Deafness is not generally considered a condition that needs to be fixed. Culturally Deaf people value the use of natural sign languages that exhibit their own grammatical conventions, such as American Sign Language and British Sign Language, over signed versions of English or other spoken languages. Deaf culture in the United States tends to be collectivist rather than individualist; culturally Deaf people value the group (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaf_culture#Values_and_beliefs). Culturally Deaf people have rules of etiquette for such things as, getting attention, walking through signed conversations, and otherwise politely negotiating a signing environment. It is also commonplace for them to arrive early for certain events, to ensure an optimumShow MoreRela tedFlashing Lights, Hugs From Strangers, Pounding Of Tables,1589 Words   |  7 Pageslights, hugs from strangers, pounding of tables, and more await those coming into the Deaf Cultural world. After all, how does one communicate with another who cannot hear? From the perspective of one who grew up in the hearing world, these cultural norms were anything but normal; yet they have become ingrained, almost second nature. Now these are my norms and are part of my world. My journey into Deaf culture started in elementary school while riding the school bus. A friend of mine named FrancisRead MoreCatalogue of Abuse in Nhs Care Homes1352 Words   |  6 Pageslaunched an audit of all services for England for people with Learning Disabilities.’ The above action comes after it was revealed that NHS staff abused adults with learning difficulties which included, among many other things, such abuse as a deaf and blind man being tied up for 16 hours a day; withdrawal of food; being locked in rooms, cold showers, over reliance on medication; misuse of funds and sexual abuse. Investigations, in part, prompted by Mencap (who say that there are about 1.5 millionRead MoreA Jerney in to the Deaf World15812 Words   |  64 PagesJourney Into Deaf-World Chapter 1 Chapter one is basically an introduction to the issues that are discussed throughout the book. Chapter one introduces all the people that are constantly referred to throughout the book. Ben Bahan is the narrator and introduces us to Jake Cohan, Laurel Case, Roberto Rivera and Henry Byrne. Ben is a CODA, Child Of Deaf Adults, and like many CODA’s tried to stray from the deaf community be was eventually drawn back to it. He is currently teaching at the only deaf collegeRead MoreThe Importance of Non-Verbal Communication Essay625 Words   |  3 Pagesfor example, when someone you are trying to communicate with does not know your native language. Nonverbal communication, I think is the most important method of communication because it can be used to communicate between any two people. The deaf, the blind, international, and many more groups of people are all able to somewhat comprehend what someone is trying to say through nonverbal communication. Emotion is one of the most important methods of nonverbal communication. Through emotion, oneRead MoreSummary Of Nothing Happened 964 Words   |  4 Pagesaround you and get panic. You need learn to be blind and deaf to that, and just playing Mahjong and watching Hong Kong videotape would help you through† (Chen: 83-84). The experience of Dezhi is repetitive and his mind is void on this thread: â€Å"I am a monk mentally, but I am a hedonist physically† (Chen: 73). The juxtaposition of nihilism and hedonism on the protagonist, in my view, is a representation of the â€Å"decadence† feature of Hong Kong culture, which is developed by Ackbar Abbas. It is a resultRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1732 Words   |  7 Pagesvictims are runaway girls who were sexually abused as children.†(11 facts) . The United States is considered one of the main locations for victims for trade in the sex-trafficking industry. In countries such as Southeast Asia , Eastern Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa victims seek options for a better life via the internet, employment agencies or even local residents. Many victims are unaware of the conditions to which they are being recruited for nor do they understand the consequences of human traffickingRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1604 Words   |  7 Pagesvictims are runaway girls who were sexually abused as children.†(11 facts) . The United States is considered one of the main locations for victims for trade in the sex-trafficking industry. In countries such as Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa victims seek options for a better life via the internet, employment agencies or even local residents. Many victims are unaware of the conditions to which they are being recruited for nor do they understand the consequences of human traffickingRead More​Children with Disabilities are Often Marginalized in Society1299 Words   |  6 Pagesof children with di sabilities (WHO, 2011). Influencing culture and changing minds in regard to human dignity must be established and taught as a foundation for life (Robsob Evans, n.d.). Christian schools have a unique opportunity to do this by integrating Scripture and biblical philosophy into a developmental curriculum aimed at reflecting the image of God in the life of every student and teacher. This will, in effect, impact the culture of the surrounding community. Thus education is one of theRead MoreEssay on Deviance and Social Control1741 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual has a deformity or disability I think it is unethical to use the term deviant or to say they deviant from the norm. In today society it is normal for to walk down the road and notice an individual in a wheelchair, or an individual who is blind or deaf. In the mid 1900s the families of disabled individuals would not encourage them to socialise or go out in public which may have shaped the views that Friedson writes about. When Freidson states possession of physical deviance it can relate toRead MoreHsc Level 5 Unit 534 Essay14626 Words   |  59 Pagesshaped through careful, thoughtful presentation of information about people with disabilities. It is very important for us all to choose and use the right words, whether we are individuals talking privately or whether it is people like journalists or sub-editors in a position to influence attitudes in society. By making a conscious effort to use words that do not have negative undertones or bias, we can help to break down barriers.General guidelines can be applied. People with disabilities prefer you

Nuclear Waste Essay Example For Students

Nuclear Waste Essay Radioactive wastes, must for the protection of mankind be stored or disposed in such a manner that isolation from the biosphere is assured until they have decayed to innocuous levels. If this is not done, the world could face severe physical problems to living species living on this planet. Some atoms can disintegrate spontaneously. As they do, they emit ionizing radiation. Atoms having this property are called radioactive. By far the greatest number of uses for radioactivity in Canada relate not to the fission, but to the decay of radioactive materials radioisotopes. These are unstable atoms that emit energy for a period of time that varies with the isotope. During this active period, while the atoms are ‘decaying’ to a stable state their energies can be used according to the kind of energy they emit. Since the mid 1900’s radioactive wastes have been stored in different manners, but since several years new ways of disposing and storing these wastes have been developed so they may no longer be harmful. A very advantageous way of storing radioactive wastes is by a process called ‘vitrification’. Vitrification is a semi-continuous process that enables the following operations to be carried out with the same equipment: evaporation of the waste solution mixed with the1) borosilicate: any of several salts derived from both boric acid and silicic acid and found in certain minerals such as tourmaline. additives necesary for the production of borosilicate glass, calcination and elaboration of the glass. These operations are carried out in a metallic pot that is heated in an induction furnace. The vitrification of one load of wastes comprises of the following stages. The first step is ‘Feeding’. In this step the vitrification receives a constant flow of mixture of wastes and of additives until it is 80% full of calcine. The feeding rate and heating power are adjusted so that an aqueous phase of several litres is permanently maintained at the surface of the pot. The second step is the ‘Calcination and glass evaporation’. In this step when the pot is practically full of calcine, the temperature is progressively increased up to 1100 to 1500 C and then is maintained for several hours so to allow the glass to elaborate. The third step is ‘Glass casting’. The glass is cast in a special container. The heating of the output of the vitrification pot causes the glass plug to melt, thus allowing the glass to flow into containers which are then transferred into the storage. Although part of the waste is transformed into a solid product there is still treatment of gaseous and liquid wastes. The gases that escape from the pot during feeding and calcination are collected and sent to ruthenium filters, condensers and scrubbing columns. The ruthenium filters consist of a bed of 2) condensacate: product of condensation.glass pellets coated with ferrous oxide and maintained at a temperature of 500 C. In the treatment of liquid wastes, the condensates collected contain about 15% ruthenium. This is then concentrated in an evaporator where nitric acid is destroyed by formaldehyde so as to maintain low acidity. The concentration is then neutralized and enters the vitrification pot. Once the vitrification process is finished, the containers are stored in a storage pit. This pit has been designed so that the number of containers that may be stored is equivalent to nine years of production. Powerful ventilators provide air circulation to cool down glass. The glass produced has the advantage of being stored as solid rather than liquid. The advantages of the solids are that they have almost complete insolubility, chemical inertias, absence of volatile products and good radiation resistance. The Message Of Babi Yar (1136 words) Essay Generally the waste solutions should contain less than 2500mg/l total solids. Most of the dissolved solids would be ionized and would compete with the radionuclides for the exchange sites. In the event where the waste can meet these specifications, two principal techniques are used: batch operation and column operation. The batch operation consists of placing a given quantity of waste solution and a predetermined amount of exchanger in a vessel, mixing them well and permitting them to stay in contact until equilibrium is reached. The solution is then filtered. The extent of the exchange is limited by the selectivity of the resin. Therefore, unless the selectivity for the radioactive ion is very favourable, the efficiency of removal will be low. Column application is essentially a large number of batch operations in series. Column operations become more practical. In many waste solutions, the radioactive ions are cations and a single column or series of columns of cation exchanger will provide decontamination. High capacity organic resins are often used because of their good flow rate and rapid rate of exchange. Monobed or mixed bed columns contain cation and anion exchangers in the same vessel. Synthetic organic resins, of the strong acid and strong base type are usually used. During operation of mixed bed columns, cation and anion exchangers are mixed to ensure that the acis formed after contact with the H-form cation resins immediately neutralized by the OH-form anion resin. The monobed or mixed bed systems are normally more economical to process waste solutions. Against background of growing concern over the exposure of the population or any portion of it to any level of radiation, however small, the methods which have been successfully used in the past to dispose of radioactive wastes must be reexamined. There are two commonly used methods, the storage of highly active liquid wastes and the disposal of low activity liquid wastes to a natural environment: sea, river or ground. In the case of the storage of highly active wastes, no absolute guarantee can ever be given. This is because of a possible vessel deterioration or catastrophe which would cause a release of radioactivity. The only alternative to dilution and dispersion is that of concentration and storage. This is implied for the low activity wastes disposed into the environment. The alternative may be to evaporate off the bulk of the waste to obtain a small concentrated volume. The aim is to develop more efficient types of evaporators. At the same time the decontamination factors obtained in evaporation must be high to ensure that the activity of the condensate is negligible, though there remains the problem of accidental dispersion. Much effort is current in many countries on the establishment of the ultimate disposal methods. These are defined to those who fix the fission product activity in a non-leakable solid state, so that the general dispersion can never occur. The most promising outlines in the near future are; ‘the absorbtion of montmorillonite clay’ which is comprised of natural clays that have a good capacity for chemical exchange of cations and can store radioactive wastes, ‘fused salt calcination’ which will neutralize the wastes and ‘high temperature processing’. Even though man has made many breakthroughs in the processing, storage and disintegration of radioactive wastes, there is still much work ahead to render the wastes absolutely harmless.

Public Relations in Eircom Rebranding for Audiences- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePublic Relations in Eircom Rebranding for Audiences. Answer: Public Relation Theories provide a means of communication that helps organizations to bridge the gap between itself and its clients, audiences or customers. This is essential for every organization whether it is a corporate organization or a not for profit organization or an organization involved in the field of public affairs. In the context of public relations it is very important to understand that there are specific communication structures that are built for both internal as well as external building of relationships (Theaker 2017). Broadly speaking there are four types of public relations theory that are implemented to build an effective communication with clients or the audience. In this particular case study we relate the theories of public relations that apply to rebranding of Eircom and the tools that affected the scenario of client base retention after the rebranding. With respect to this case study, it is important to know what public relations campaigning is all about and how it has affected the rebranding of Eircom to Eir, the biggest telecommunication firm in Ireland. Public relations campaigning essentially refer to a series of activities carried out by a firm in order to achieve a marketing goal. In this particular case, Eir received the European PRExcellence Award for undergoing the most expensive rebranding with a campaign that lasted for a period of almost three months (Hynes 2014). This was done to change the focus on its customers and it involved an investment of almost a billion Euros. Extensive media coverage and engagement of the clients using digital modes of communication was used in the campaign. FleishmanHillard Inc., which is one of the biggest marketing and public relations firms and the internal marketing team of Eir took care of the whole process. Next, we take a look at the different theories of public relations and history of public relations in Ireland. The first is the theory of Press Agent or Publicity Model which uses media to gain attention in any which way possible. It can even use manipulated information (Grunig 2013). Such a model is generally not based on proper research and involves a lot of persuasion. The general method used is one way in which information is only conveyed from the source to the audience. Next, is the theory of Public Information Model which uses appropriate information but does not expose information that can create a vulnerable situation for the organization (Culbertson and Chen 2013). It uses a factual or truth-oriented approach to reach to the targeted section of people. This approach also does not use proper or formal research and also uses one way approach. The third theory is that of Two Way Asymmetric Model. This model uses scientific methods of persuasion and is implemented on the already existing client base to retain them and also focuses on gaining back lost client base (Smith 2013). This model is basically used for purposes of marketing and advertising. This being asymmetric is also pretty imbalanced as in this case too this process looks after the benefit of the organization more than the benefit of the clients or the customers. It is one of the processes that aim at increasing the revenue generated and the profit in turn generated by the firm. The last theory is that of the Two Way Symmetric Model. This model is aimed at creating a professional bond between the customers and the organization (Grunig 2017). This model uses communication for benefiting both the clients as well as the firm or the organization. This model is deemed to be the most efficient and the most ethical model as it takes into account the data of both the customers and the firms. The history of Public Relations in Ireland is also important to gain a background of the case study under consideration (Whelan and Savva 2013.). It is seen that before 2013, public relations were functioning primarily in its own direction and was not used as a management function. However, of late public relations is being increasingly used as a management strategy in the corporate sector. This has resulted in improvement of the public relations sector and its incorporation not only in the decision making process of firms but also as an educational subject. According to, Somerville and Kirby (2012) the implication of public relations in the political history of Ireland has also been immense. In fact, it has been the most sought after mode of investment and marketing. All parties use public relation models to reach out both to their rivals as well as the general voting mass. The transformation of Eircom to Eir involved the introduction of 4G for the first time. The company turned out to be bold enough to change from an old telephone service providing firm to a company that constantly evolves with the use of latest innovation of products and technological improvisation. It was not a mere name change but a complete change of identity and functioning. As mentioned above, public relations are increasingly playing a very vital role in the marketing decisions of corporate firms in Ireland so has it in the context of Eir (Cooper 2015). On taking a keen look at the various theories mentioned above, it is seen that the theory which applies the most to this rebranding is the Public Information Model, as it caters to the publicizing of the information and does not take into account the reaction of the customers. It is also in sync with the trend of increased use of public relations for corporate marketing. Going on to analyzing the challenges facing the rebranding and the strategies implemented, it is seen that the firm followed a two step process in the entire campaign, one was that of a pre launch program and the second a launch day program. The pre launch program consisted of attracting coverage about some expected rebrand which would take place but did not cover disclosure of elaborated details related to the rebranding (Herstein 2012). On the launch day however, lavish events involving the staff of Eir was held and as a matter of fact, the Irish Times was used as a medium of reaching out to people by capturing a front page picture with an extended caption. Also, two extensive press releases were held and the theme of the events was differentiated and based on the elements of the new brand. Following this press conferences were held which were further forecasted on all media platforms as well as social platforms. The company in fact segregated the country into regions and used regi on specific marketing skills. However, what is lesser known is the fact that rebranding as a public relations concept is always associated with some inherent challenges. In this case, the major challenges and issues that Eir was facing lied within the process of reconsidering the already existing services, brand identity and marketing strategies in place. The investment like mentioned above had to be done with a lot of risk. Makeover was not the only factor governing such changes, the company had to undergo changes at its very core, ranging from economic decisions, coming up with a new public relations group, changing the logo of the firm and even the website. The deals offered to the customers were changed and the stakeholders engaged had to be persuaded about this decision. Nevertheless Eircoms rebranding into Eir was an absolute success because of the strategic financial and marketing plans it undertook. The basic tools used in public relations marketing and communication are media relations, advertisements, social media platforms, newsletters, brochures, business conferences, speaking events, sponsorships, employee base retention and community relations (Baxter and Sheridan 2012). The rebranding of Eircom to Eir through the campaigning techniques mentioned above as one can see involved of all the tools, especially media relations, social platform advertising and good employee and stakeholders relations. The rebranding led to increased mobility of the firm, strengthened existing client relationships, increased government support and increased popularity of the firm in terms of modernization and progressiveness. The whole process was carried out skillfully and with precision keeping account of all the factors involved, the risks and the results aimed at (McCoy et al.2017). However, to make the campaigning even more robust, the Two Way Symmetric Model should have been implemented as it would lead to better performance of service delivery. This is so because it is the most ethical process and takes account of customer feedback. Also, probably using fewer tools of public relations campaigning instead of using all tools in an extravagant manner would lead to reduced risk and lesser investment. However, on the whole, it is one of the most successful rebranding in Ireland and has become a benchmark for public relations campaigning in the country. It has increased the use of public relations for marketing and management in the corporate sector in Ireland. The success of the campaigning lied in the context of the impact it created, the understanding the audience and clients form and improvement of t he credibility and reputation of Eir as a firm. References: Baxter, D. and Sheridan, T., 2012. Irish Examinership: Post-Eircom.Insolvency Restructuring Int'l,6, p.26. Cooper, M., 2015.The Maximalist: The Rise and Fall of Tony OReilly. Gill Macmillan Ltd. Culbertson, H.M. and Chen, N., 2013.International public relations: A comparative analysis. Routledge Grunig, J.E., 2013.Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Grunig, J.E., 2017. Symmetrical presuppositions as a framework for public relations theory. InPublic relations theory(pp. 17-44). Routledge. Herstein, R., 2012. Thin line between country, city, and region branding.Journal of Vacation Marketing,18(2), pp.147-155. Hynes, M., 2014. Telework isnt working: a policy review.The Economic and Social Review,45(4, Winter), pp.579-602. McCoy, D., Lyons, S., Morgenroth, E., Palcic, D. and Allen, L., 2017. The impact of broadband and other infrastructure on the location of new business establishments.Journal of Regional Science. Smith, R.D., 2013. Strategic planning for public relations. Routledge Somerville, I. and Kirby, S., 2012. Public relations and the Northern Ireland peace process: Dissemination, reconciliation and the Good Friday Agreementreferendum campaign.Public Relations Inquiry,1(3), pp.231-255. Theaker, A., 2017. What is public relations?. InThe Public Relations Strategic Toolkit(pp. 17-27). Routledge. Whelan, B.J. and Savva, G.M., 2013. Design and methodology of the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,61(s2).